If extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence, such as Carl Sagan saying goes, the scientists participating in an experiment called the Opera (Oscillation Project with emulsion tracking devices) are given exactly. By successfully reproducing the results obtained by the 22nd September this year, particle physicists have once again proved that neutrinos travel faster than light.
The last validation step brings them closer to shaking the fundamentals of modern physics - Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity in 1905, states that nothing can travel faster than light.
If the results announced two months ago, shocked and stunned scientists around the world in terms of the incredible team of scientists has reaffirmed the results of last Friday.
Experiment, generating a proton pulses and measuring the time it takes to travel 730 km neutrinos from CERN, the European particle physics lab near Geneva, Gran Sasso National Laboratory near L'Aquila, Italy. 730 km distance between two points is measured with error rate of only 20 cm.
A beam of light would take only 2.4 milliseconds to cover this distance. But scientists were stunned in March 2011, the neutrinos traveled to 60 nanoseconds (billionths of a second, or 60) faster than light.
This means that the neutrinos traveled at 299798454 meters per second, while the slower speed of light in vacuum is 299792458 meters per second.
It was not an isolated observation. In fact, the researchers found more than 15,000 neutrinos arrive earlier than expected at the Gran Sasso laboratory. They check the accuracy of six months before going public. As the margin of error of only 10 nanoseconds, neutrinos actually travel faster than light.
But there was one factor that the team left. Proton pulses were used to produce neutrinos duration of 10.5 microseconds and thus comparatively longer. There could be room for error, because it was hard to tell if the speed of the individual protons compared to neutrinos arriving at the beginning or end of the 10.5 microsecond long pulse.
So Opera team repeated the experiment, reducing the pulse duration of 10.5 microseconds to nanoseconds by 3 - 3000 times to reduce the pulse duration.
The results produced 20 events from 3 nanosecond pulses is shown that neutrinos have reached 60 nanoseconds sooner than light. This was a result that was announced a few days ago.
Other possible errors
There is one more possible error factor, which has been raised - synchronizing two clocks accurate to within a nanosecond at both locations (Geneva, L'Aquila, Italy) from neutrino speed. OPERA team was synchronized clocks use GPS signals from one satellite. The use of GPS to high-energy particle physics to synchronize clocks at both ends of the beam path may be one important question, because it has never tried before.
According to the journal Nature, Carlo Contaldi and Imperial College London has challenged the results of the Opera, because it does not take into account one important aspect of general relativity - the difference is the force of gravity affect the rate of two places where the clocks tick.
The effect of gravity
Compared to the Gran Sasso, CERN site is further from the center of the earth, and therefore does not go a bit stronger gravitational pull. This would result in the clock runs a little slower than one at CERN Gran Sasso.
Dario Autiero Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lyon, France, and the physics coordinator was OPERA inNaturethat quoted as saying, "Contaldi challenge is a result of misunderstanding of how clocks were synchronized." The team is expected shortly to explain how the clocks were synchronized.
According to Nature, another element, which results in more control of the "profile of the proton beam", which produces neutrinos as "by-product of the collision target."
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Articles Source:- http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article2653695.ece
How to Animate
11 years ago
