Thursday, December 27, 2012

New Long-Necked Stegosaurs Discovered

A stegosaurus who tried to compete with sauropods

When scientists talk about dinosaurs with long necks, it is natural to assume that they refer to sauropods, animals such as Diplodocus and Camarasaurus, huge animals with long necks and in many cases, the whip like tails long. However, a recent discovery of a Stegosaur in Portugal shows that when it came to the long-necked sauropods had one or two rivals. In addition to the classic features of Stegosaurus robust forelimbs, with a small head and beak plates extending along the back, these new Stegosaur had a neck much longer than any other known to science Stegosaur .

New species of Long-necked Stegosaur Portugal

This new type of Stegosaur named Miragaia longicollum (the long-necked creature Miragaia - the village in Portugal, where fossil bones have been found), nearly twice as many as the neck bones other members Stegosauridae .

A careful study of the fossilized bones of Miragaia longicollum indicate that this dinosaur had a neck shield surprisingly long, a longer neck than other known species of Stegosaur.

The humerus robust, the ulna and the radius of the forelegs were carefully excavated from their surrounding matrix by paleontologists and bones (called vertebrae) that form the long neck. Scientists have built a fairly detailed picture of the fossilized bones provides an estimate of the size of the animal to be around 5.5 to 6 meters in length. The bones represented on scale drawings which many were produced by paleontologists, show how much of the skeleton was found. A large part of the front end of this Stegosaur has been found, as well as large parts of the skull and ilium and pubis, a part of the structure of the hip that identify this as an ornithischian dinosaur.

Researchers Lisbon-based study Stegosaurus fossil bones

Dr. Octavio Mateus, a vertebrate paleontologist at the New University of Lisbon, against this new discovery with primitive kind Stegosaur Huayangosaurus, fossils have been found in the quarries Dashanpu China. This particular animal had nine vertebrae in the neck. However, such newly discovered was a total of 17 bone neck, the neck is about one third of the length of the body of the animal. Proportionally, the neck of Miragaia is about twice the length of the other members of the Stegosauridae, allowing comparisons with long-necked sauropods to do.

A new debate among paleontologists Triggered by Fossil Find

This discovery will reopen in Stegosaurs bipedalism and may indicate an adaptation for navigation on the taller vegetation compared to other Stegosaurs. Alternatively, a longer neck may have helped these animals reach into dense thickets of cycads to feed.

Discussing the new discovery, Dr. Richard Butler of the Natural History Museum in London said that fossil reveals a range of variation of the anatomy [in Stegosaurs] that paleontologists had no idea.

Dr. Mateus, is one of the leading paleontologists in Portugal and specializes in research on Jurassic dinosaurs found in his native country. He recently made headlines when he himself and his colleagues are vehemently opposed to the sale of a partial dinosaur tail a head of construction company.

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The Paradox That Is the Theropod Dinosaur Dilong

Dilong - An ancestor of Tyrannosaurus rex which is a bit of a paradox

Dilong paradoxical "dragon emperor paradox" of the Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province of China is considered a primitive member of the Tyrannosauroidea. The evolution of tyrannosaurs is shrouded in mystery, most paleontologists believe they are from the northern hemisphere in the course of the late Jurassic and possibly Allosaurs displaced as top predators in most parts of the world. Indeed, recent research in later tyrannosaurids, large carnivores Upper Cretaceous (Campanian to Maastrichtian faunal stages), indicating that these animals are not native to North America. An animal like Tyrannosaurus rex, dinosaur archetype, without which no film Jurassic Park would be the same, was probably the descendants of tyrannosaurids who migrated to North America from Asia.

Tyrannosaurs Evolved in Asia

T. rex is synonymous with the United States, however, his ancestors originated in China, another case of "made in China" I'm afraid.

There is a lot scientists do not yet know about the evolution of tyrannosaurs. Fossils are extremely rare predators in the fossil record, much rarer than herbivores relatively common, for example. In any ecosystem herbivores will tend to outnumber the meat eaters, the ratio depends on the amount of food that meat eaters have to eat, herbivore numbers needed to sustain them. The calculations were made indicating that large predators such as tyrannosaurs a size capable Gorgosaurus Tarbosaurus or example, may have required a large number of herbivores to sustain a ratio of meat eaters to mega herbivores in the population Wildlife being in excess of 1:50.

Where does Eotyrannus fit into the scheme tyrannosaurid?

The discovery of Eotyrannus (E. lengi) by amateur fossil collector Gavin Long has further complicated the path of evolution of the group Tyrannosaur. Eotyrannus is obviously another tyrannosaurid primitive. Skull structure has similarities with other tyrannosaurs and teeth in the premaxilla is typical of a Tyrannosaurus, which is broad, slightly re-curved and having the characteristic "D" shaped cross section. The problem is Eotyrannus is associated with the formation of Wessex from the Isle of Wight. Dilong another member of the primitive tyrannosaurs is associated with the Liaoning Province in China. According to the fossils found so far, scientists have concluded that Dilong and Eotyrannus were very similar, in fact, some paleontologists have suggested that they are of the same kind. The trouble is, if both Dilong and Eotyrannus forms are basal tyrannosaurs, what part of the world did tyrannosaurs evolve?

Dilong fast and agile predator

Dilong was a predator in its lightweight construction, with an estimated size of about 2 meters. The most complete skeleton of this dinosaur fossils discovered to date is an individual with an estimated length of 1.5 meters, but we think it is a sub-adult, if an animal was probably greater maturity. Although Dilong has been known for at least four fossil specimens, a single fossil showing signs of proto-feathers. This particular fossil, discovered in a layer of shale was largely flattened and bones were found in a disarticulated state and the sample is far from complete. However, around the tail and in the region that represents the back of the head and simple directions filamentous feathers were found. Some of these were simple proto-feathers up to 3 cm long. The presence of proto-feathers is evidence that the ancestor of the great Tyrannnosaurs such as T. rex had feathers.

Does this mean that dinosaurs such as Tyrannosaurus rex also feathers?

The feathered dinosaurs?

Although the sample of feathers is far from over, fine sediments surrounding this fossil has such evidence must be preserved feathers. The scientists concluded that this small dinosaur was probably covered with a coat of downy feathers simple. These feathers have helped to protect the animal and prevent heat loss too, which reinforces the theory that at least some dinosaurs were endothermic (warm-blooded).

Tyrannosaurus rex was covered in feathers?

Scientists believe that large later tyrannosaurs were not feathered, not fully covered in feathers and not flag adulthood. Their reasoning is quite simple and the absence of fossil evidence tangible, it's the best scientists can do for the moment. If feathers originally evolved as a form of insulation for small animals, it would make sense for small kinds of Tyrannosaur and even minor members of larger genres. However, most animal increases, the mass of the animal in relation to its surface. Large mammals such as elephants, for example, need to lose their body heat rather than cling to it. Therefore, these animals are almost hairless. An adult T. Rex weighs something like 7000 pounds would be hard losing heat if it was covered with a thick insulating layer proto-feathers. A newborn weighing T. rex maybe a little more than a kilogram on the other hand find a fluffy coat a great advantage to help regulate its temperature. A hot-blooded young Tyrannosaurus rex may have a layer of proto-feathers, but as he grew up, he can throw his coat gradually until it had almost entirely lost in adulthood.

T. rex may have retained some proto-feathers, perhaps the back of the neck or head that could have a display function of mature adults, but this is only speculation at the moment. It is doubtful that this animal would have had feathers around the mouth and around the neck as they would have been very difficult for the animal to clean short armed and they were quickly covered in blood and gore that the animal fed. Many vultures for example, have bald heads and necks, reflecting their adaptation used to have to penetrate deeply carcasses for food.

Mandarin for Dragon Emperor

The species D. REM is Mandarin of the Dragon Emperor, named after a dragon of Chinese mythology old. The actual name of the species is derived from the Greek, means "against ideas." This primitive feathers tyrannosaurid at its discovery is a paradox when compared the Tyrannosaur fossil record exists. A T. rex ancestor to feathers, as had been speculated, but here evidence showing the link between the dreaded late "Tyrant Kings" and feathers.

Everything Dinosaur is a company run by parents, teachers and real dinosaur experts. It specializes in the development of educational toys, dinosaur models, clothing and games and strives to help young people learn more about science through their fascination with prehistoric animals. Many of the items featured on the Everything Dinosaur Dinosaur Any website has been designed and tested by the teachers and real dinosaur experts in the company.

To learn more about the products and services we offer click on our links Everything Dinosaur Web.

Our goal is to help young people learn more about Earth sciences through their fascination with dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals. Team members are happy to provide advice and support supplying free quizzes, drawing materials, puzzles, games even recipes for cookies on the theme of dinosaurs and birthday cakes. With something like 900 products on line including dinosaur party supplies, Everything Dinosaur has built a strong reputation assisting parents, guardians and fellow teachers, helping young people to learn about science by creative play.

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Wednesday, December 26, 2012

Those Smart Therizinosaur Dinosaurs

A new study suggests that Therizinosaurids had highly developed Senses

They may look like a dinosaur that was designed by a committee, but a new study by a team of international researchers in the sensory abilities of Therizinosaurs suggests that these feathered theropods had highly developed senses. Using sophisticated computerized tomography (CT) to analyze a skull found in Mongolia Therizinosaur, paleontologists have found that these odd looking members of the Dinosauria had a highly developed sense of smell, most likely an excellent view and a sense of balance.

Therizinosaurids - Bizarre Cretaceous dinosaurs

The Therizinosaurids form a clade Dinosauria rare to whose fossils have been found in North America and Asia. Almost exclusively from materials known Cretaceous dinosaurs are members of the Theropoda but they seem to have adapted to a more sedentary lifestyle herbivores, despite being distantly related to fierce dinosaurs Tyrannosaurus rex and Giganotosaurus as carolini.

Cheloniformis Therizinosaurus

The Therizinosauroids are these dinosaurs that unusual until enough fossil material has been found to prove their affinity with the Dinosauria they were thought by many paleontologists not be all of the dinosaurs. The first family member Therizinosaur be formally named and described was Therizinosaurus (cheloniformis Therizinosaurus). It was named and described in 1954 by the eminent Soviet scientist Evgeny Aleksandrovich Maleev, following an intensive study of some limb bones, claws and strange flattened ribs found by a joint Soviet / Mongolian expedition in a region away from Mongolia in 1948. This genus is also the largest known for Therizinosauroids, with some scientists believing that this creature was more than ten meters long and weigh up to five metric tonnes.

Work on the family tree Dinosaur

Exact taxonomic relationships between different kinds of Therizinosaur is debated by paleontologists is that the affinity groups with the rest of the Theropoda. Therizinosaurs seemed to share certain general characteristics, they have a small head perched on long necks, round, stocky bodies that gave them an almost bulbous, stocky and short legs relatively long arms. Hands claws completed in three fingers, the most famous of autapomorphies Therizinosaur (anatomical specificity), the claws were unusually long Therizinosaurs. The claws of T. cheloniformis example could be up to one meter in length. These claws are not strongly curved, but flat. In the first study of these claws reminded scientists wrong, so with more fossils, the clade of "false" or lizards Therizinosaurs was created. A number of Therizinosaurs as Beipiaosaurus (B. inexpectus), are believed to have been covered with layers of simple downy feathers. These feathers are not like the flight feathers of modern birds, but has helped to insulate these animals and keep them warm. It is believed that these dinosaurs were endothermic (warm-blooded).

Herbivores or omnivores

That these animals eat is also discussed by paleontologists, some believe that these dinosaurs were omnivores, feeding on vegetation, but also catch small lizards, birds and mammals. Others believe that the long flat blade like claws and strong arms were used to break open termite nests and feed on insects inside. Many paleontologists have concluded that their bellies, long beaks moss and small, leaf-shaped, non-serrated teeth and the presence of prominent cheeks, these dinosaurs were herbivores largely, if not entirely vegetarian.

It has been speculated that these animals lived mainly in arboreal environments and filled an ecological niche similar to that completed by Chalicotheres later and giant sloths. Well developed sense are not usually associated with animals that occupy these niches in an ecosystem, so an international team of researchers from the Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol (England), assisted by two U.S. universities an associate at the University of Ulan Bator (Mongolia) began to explore the brain Therizinosaurs.

The study of the skull of a dinosaur

It is not possible to study the brain tissue of dinosaurs, such soft tissue is very rarely fossilized and rots quickly when an organism dies, however, by assembling a skull and examine the spaces that were occupied by soft tissues such as the brain and nerves, paleontologists can build a detailed picture of the form and function of the brain of animals extinct. By studying the morphology and size of the openings in the skull nerve orbit and olfactory areas, scientists can infer how well developed some senses were. If the inner ear is available for the study and understanding of the meaning of the animal balance can be achieved.

The use of a beautifully preserved skull and almost total Therizinosaur Cretaceous known Elikosaurus andrewsi a typical Mongolian Therizinosaur who lived about 90 million years (Cretaceous Turonian fauna step), the team been able to develop a picture of the meaning of this dinosaur. Sophisticated computer programs interpreted the data computed tomography of the skull numerous fossils, which allowed the team to develop a three-dimensional image of the internal structure of the head of the dinosaur.

Therizinosaurs had an excellent view and a good sense of smell

The study, whose results were published in the scientific journal online "The Public Library of Science" show that Therizinosaurs had remarkably developed sense of smell, excellent views and a sense of balance. When Therizinosaur skull is considered a large orbit (eye socket) can be clearly seen, and the long nose nostril provides extended that may have contributed to improve the animal's ability to smell. All these data have been interpreted and run by what appears to be a broad forebrain. seems that these slow herbivores with their bellies over-sized claws strange and perhaps had keen senses and a highly developed sense of balance. It is likely that these attributes are retained from which the ancestors of the Therizinosaurs are active predators.

The work of this international team of researchers has important implications for our understanding of how sensory functions evolved and changed in the Dinosauria. It also puts some light on how the sensory organs of birds (closely related to theropod dinosaurs), have evolved.

Pets not mind slow

It is difficult to believe that these dinosaurs "intelligent", their brains were small relative to their size, but this latest study more sophisticated relieves the archaic theory that these reptiles were extremely slow-witted, with reactions and dull compared to mammals modern dinosaurs were poorly adapted to their environment are doomed to final extinction. In reality, the Dinosauria were extremely well adapted to their environment and have evolved into a myriad of forms so that they can exploit a wide range of opportunities in the world of the Mesozoic.

Everything Dinosaur is a company run by parents, teachers and real dinosaur experts. It specializes in the development of educational toys, dinosaur models, clothing and games and strives to help young people learn more about science through their fascination with prehistoric animals. Many of the items featured on the Everything Dinosaur Dinosaur Any website has been designed and tested by the teachers and real dinosaur experts in the company.

To learn more about the products and services we offer click on our links Everything Dinosaur Web.

Our goal is to help young people learn more about Earth sciences through their fascination with dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals. Team members are happy to provide advice and support supplying free quizzes, drawing materials, puzzles, games even recipes for cookies on the theme of dinosaurs and birthday cakes. With something like 900 products on line including dinosaur party supplies, Everything Dinosaur has built a strong reputation assisting parents, guardians and fellow teachers, helping young people to learn about science by creative play.

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